![]() ![]() We are referring here to the cingulate subdivisions proposed by Vogt et al. The PCGS is observed in about 70% of subjects at least in one hemisphere 10, 11, 12, 13 and most often starts at the intersection with the sus-orbitalis and the supra-rostral sulcus, in front and at the level of the anterior limit of the genu of the corpus callosum, where the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) lies (Fig. Among the sulci that characterize the human medial frontal cortex, the paracingulate sulcus (PCGS) is a secondary sulcus running dorsal and parallel to the cingulate sulcus (CGS) in a rostro-caudal direction 10, 11 in the medial frontal cortex. With a common evolutionary history until 7 million years ago, the chimpanzee is a key model for better understanding the evolution of brain regions that have largely expanded in the human brain, such as the medial prefrontal cortex 9. Comparative neuroimaging studies are principally relying on a comparison between human brains and a limited number of non-human primate models, namely macaques and marmosets 6, 7, whose ancestors diverged from human ancestors 25 and 35 million years ago, respectively 8. With the development of neuroimaging tools, one could address comparative neuroanatomy questions in vivo at different levels of analysis, from gross morphology (e.g., sulcal pattern analysis) to brain connectivity (e.g., resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging analysis). But this expansion has differentially impacted brain circuits 5. Comparative neuroanatomical studies have demonstrated that ecological and social pressures are key factors that have driven the expansion of the neocortex in primates. Understanding the mechanisms underlying brain evolution, and more specifically of the human brain, is still the topic of intense debates 1, 2, 3, 4. ![]()
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